Venous thoracic outlet syndrome: a comprehensive clinical and therapeutic review
Ahmed S. Gaweesh, MD, MSc, PhD Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt iVein Clinics, Egypt Mohammed A. Elsabbagh, MD, PhD, FRCS Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS) is a vascular disorder caused by extrinsic compression of the axillary-subclavian vein, leading to impaired venous drainage of the upper extremity. Compression most commonly occurs at the costoclavicular junction (CCJ) and, less frequently, at the pectoralis minor space, either independently or as part of a combined “double crush” mechanism. This venous compression…
