"ing. In such cases, there is an opportunity for an artificial venous valve to be used as a native valve. For decades, substitute valves have been studied experimentally, raising hope of bench-to-bedside transfer. This quest is reviewed with an emphasis on current clinical practice. Venous valves have been made entirely of non-autologous tissues: synthetics, xenografts, or allografts. Many have failed in early experimental evaluation, with some advancing to the clinical arena, but few remain in research and development. Valves constructed from autogenous cells, or from autogenous venous tissue,"

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"become clear that the lesion is present in over half the general population in silent form. A clinical syndrome variously known as May- Thurner syndrome, Cockett syndrome, or “iliac vein compression syndrome”, caused by NIVL, is thought to be a rare form of chronic venous disease (CVD). However, with liberal use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), the lesion is found in over 90% of highly symptomatic CVD cases, with a very broad clinical and demographic spectrum. Silent NIVL in the general population may play a permissive role in the development of CVD. Venous stenting of NIVL provides exc"

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"r mesenteric artery (SMA) and the aorta (also called left renal vein entrapment). El Sadr reported the first case in 1950,1 but De Schepper named it.2 This syndrome needs treatment when symptoms are disabling. ANATOMY The LRV arises from the left kidney and opens into the inferior vena cava after 5 to 9 cm (Figure 1). In its distal part, the LRV passes between the anterior aspect of the juxtarenal aorta and the posterior aspect of the proximal segment of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The main tributaries of the LRV are the left gonadal vein, the left ureteral vein, capsular veins, "

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"o conservative therapies, and the presence of non-healing or recurrent ulcers may lead one to consider surgery. However, even if surgery is properly indicated, traditional techniques such as femoral transposition and valve transplantation are not always suitable, and in these cases a de novo valve reconstruction represents a surgical opportunity. Our neovalve reconstruction technique consists in creating an intimal flap by performing a wall dissection. The purpose is to create an antireflux mechanism that reduces venous hypertension. This technique was applied from December 2000 in 39 selected"

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